هارمونیک اهتزازونه

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Natural resources are the engine of development of developing countries
Natural resources have been known for a long time, since human life is connected with his environment and man is a part of nature, so he has always secured his life from the blessings and all-round gifts of nature. Before the Stone Age, human behavior towards natural resources and the environment was very primitive, but closely related. In addition to being kind and forgiving to man, nature has sometimes been angry with him; Sometimes floods, typhoons, cold and hot people have also killed people. After millions of thousands of years, human beings built civilization and consciously adapted their behavior to natural resources. They domesticated a number of animals, came out of the forests and forests, and built the first joint village on the banks of the flowing rivers, and there they learned how to own some natural resources and how to manage and organize them. Twelve thousand years ago, after discovering fire and domesticating a number of animals, humans began to cultivate the earth and plant seeds. Thus he adjusted his work and plan according to the seasons of nature. They soon went to explore and deposit a number of natural resources, they mined salt, they identified different types of ants and at one time they created iron and alloys. They also realized that the precious gifts of nature are not always available everywhere, but must be searched for. Centuries have passed since man processed a number of natural resources and the industrial phase began. However, several more centuries passed and humans started competing among themselves to obtain rare natural resources, wars were fought and finally they recognized the rights of natural resources, but still the biggest problem was the questions of fairness, equality, exchange, reasonable use. . To a large extent, the motivation of colonialism was to obtain natural resources. In the 17th and 18th centuries, England, Portugal, France and some other countries reached America, India, Australia and Africa in search of natural resources.

In recent years, a new understanding and recognition has been gained from natural resources and there has been a concern about the scarcity of some resources. The vital value of the resources and their scarcity and scarcity have created the need for scientific studies, planning, investment and research for the resources. This task and responsibility was handed over to administrative and academic centers. Today, in every country there are institutions for the protection, management, planning, exploration and acquisition of natural resources and training-scientific centers for their research. World-renowned universities have special departments and faculties for the study of natural resources and the training of professional-experts in these fields.

The United States of America for natural resource studies and Australia in the second step for natural resources and environmental issues have large and well-equipped academic centers. In Europe, a number of institutions and scientific centers have been invented for these purposes. The United Nations Organization has a number of specialized institutions such as the Environmental Protection Program (UNEP/United Nation Environment Program), the World Climate Organization (WCASP), the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), (IIED) and other institutions. respectively; The organization of natural resources and cultural heritage was established in the United Nations, and the whole world approved the World Charter for Nature for the protection of nature and natural resources. In this way, the priority and special attention to natural wealth became official and increased. Contemporary economists K (Richard T.) and then (Barnett), (Morse) and (J.E. Stglitz) did scientific research on natural resources and measured indicators to evaluate the severity of the limitations of these scarce resources. Along with western economists, socialist economists called forests, water, pastures and mines the assets of the state (national) and free market economists also divided these resources into different parts, which called the management and planning of many government (public sector) powers. . The curve of economic activity on natural resources that Kuznet showed and became known as (Kuznets curve) shocked economists. The rules of using natural resources were established by Hotelling, which is known as (Hotelling-Rule) and showed governments how to use these scarce resources (Solow, 1974-Hartwick, 1977). , tied to sustainable development and addressed the issue of healthy handover to future generations and their inviolability. In this way, various economic scholars and academic centers have done deep and new research in this area.

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